Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols in a High-Density UAV Swarm

V.V. Mironov, S.P. Seleznev, I.Y. Krukovskaya, Y.V. Krukovsky

Abstract


This article provides an analytical review of key protocol classes and routing methods used in high-density dynamic unmanned networks (FANets) (from a few to 200+ nodes). Three dominant concepts are considered: classical table-based approaches (proactive and reactive), epidemic (avalanche) data dissemination methods, and emerging concepts of content-aware deduplication (CB-RDE), CB-BSD. A comparative analysis of their computational complexity in terms of time and memory, service overhead, and resistance to electronic countermeasures (EW) is provided. 

Full Text:

PDF (Russian)

References


Antonova V.M., Buzhin I.G., Gnezdilov V.S., Kuznecov N.A., Mironov Ju.B. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie setevyh uzlov i topologij sovremennyh setej peredachi dannyh // Informacionnye processy. – 2024. – T. 24, # 1. – S. 84–92.

Brychkov Ju.A., Savishhenko N.V. Mnogomernye raspredelenija Releja, Rajsa, Nakagami i ih primenenie v teorii svjazi // Uchjonye zapiski Kazan. un-ta. Serija: Fiz.-matem. nauki. – 2024. – T.166, kn. 2. – S. 127–146.

Buslenko N.P. Modelirovanie slozhnyh sistem. – 2-e izd., pererab. – Moskva: Nauka, 1978. – 399 s.

Livshic B.S., Pshenichkov A.P., Harkevich A.D. Teorija teletrafika. – Moskva: Svjaz', 1979. – 224 s.

Makarenko S.I. Metodiki i metody povyshenija ustojchivosti sistemy svjazi v uslovijah destruktivnogo vozdejstvija na protokoly setevogo i transportnogo urovnej // Sistemy upravlenija, svjazi i bezopasnosti. – 2017. – # 4. – S.1–39.

Muratchaev S.S., Volkov A.S., Margarjan R.A., Bahtin A.A. Razrabotka adaptivnoj versii protokola marshrutizacii OLSRv2 v setjah MANet // Trudy MAI. – 2022. – # 123.

Namiot D.E. Tehnologii setevoj blizosti: koncepcija, modeli i algoritmy, raspredeljonnye sistemy i servisy : 05.13.11: dissertacija ... doktora tehnicheskih nauk / Namiot D.E. Ob"edinjonnyj institut jadernyh issledovanij. – Dubna, 2021. – 378 s.

Namiot, D.E., Pokusaev O.N., Chekmarev A.E. Modeli setevoj blizosti v informacionnyh sistemah na transporte // International Journal of Open Information Technologies. – 2020. – T.8, #9. – S. 36–41.

Peregudov M.A. Verojatnostnaja model' funkcioni-rovanija kanal'nogo urovnja seti cifrovoj radiosvjazi v uslovijah destruktivnyh vozdejstvij // Sistemy uprav-lenija, svjazi i bezopasnosti. – 2023. – #1. – S. 64–89.

Tarasevich Ju.Ju. Perkoljacija: teorija, prilozhenija i algoritmy. M.: Editorial URSS, – 2002. – 112 s.

Patent RF # 2619471 S1. Krupnomasshtabnaja set' DKMV radiosvjazi so sploshnoj zonoj radiodostupa / Zajcev V.V., Lihachjov A.M., Krukovskaja I.Ja., Krukovskij Ja.V. i dr. // Bjul. # 14. – opubl.: 16.05.2017.

Patent RF # 2626550 C1. Programmno-apparatnaja platforma i sposob ejo realizacii dlja besprovodnyh sredstv svjazi / Arhipkin V.Ja., Zavalin Ju.V., Lihachjov A.M., Krukovskaja I.Ja., Krukovskij Ja.V., Prisjazhnjuk S.P., Shpak V.V. i dr. // Bjul. # 22. – opubl.: 28.07.2017.

Patent RF # 2829497 C1. Sposob organizacii besprovodnyh odnorangovyh samoorganizujushhihsja setej / Tjutin A.P. // Bjul. # 31. – opubl.: 30.10.2024.

Al-Humoud, S.O., Mackenzie L.M., Vanderbauwhede W. Dynamic Counter-Based Broadcast in MANets // Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Performance Monitoring and Measurement of Heterogeneous Wireless and Wired Networks. – Glasgow: ACM, 2009. – P. 84–88.

Anastasi G. et al. Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey // Ad Hoc Networks. – 2009. – Vol. 7, No. 3. – P. 537–568.

Baccelli F., Blaszczyszyn B. Stochastic Geometry and Wireless Networks: Volume I Theory // Foundations and Trends in Networking. 2009. – Vol.3, No.3-4. – P.249–449.

Bianchi G. Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function // IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication. – 2000. – Vol. 18, – No.3. – P. 535–547.

Broder A., Mitzenmacher M. Network applications of Bloom filters: A survey: A survey // Internet Mathematics. – 2004. – Vol. 1, No. 4. – P. 485–509.

Bujari, A. et al. On the Performance of MAC Protocols for UAV-Based Networks // Ad Hoc Networks. – 2017. – Vol. 63. – P. 97–110.

Cloez B., Daufresne T., Kerioui M., Fontez B. Galton–Watson process and Bayesian inference: A turnkey method for the viability study of small populations // arXiv.org. – 2019. – arXiv:1901.09562.

Clausen T., Jacquet P. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) // Internet Engineering Task Force, Info. Memo RFC 3626, – Oct. 2003. – 75 p.

Cormen T.H. et al. Introduction to Algorithms / 3rd ed. – MIT Press, 2009. – Ch. 11: Hash Tables. – P. 253–278.

Dong S., Tang Z., Ma H. A Review of Routing Protocols for FANet // IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. – 2024. – Vol. 19, iss. 6 (Sec. I). – P. 06–22

De Melo Pire, R., Pinto A.S.R. Branco K.R.L.J.C. The Broadcast Storm Problem in FANets and the Dynamic Neighborhood-Based Algorithm as a Countermeasure // IEEE Access. – 2019. – Vol. 7. – P. 59737–59757.

Fall, K. A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for Challenged Internets // Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications (SIGCOMM '03). – New York : ACM, 2003. – P. 27–34.

Franceschetti M., Meester R. Random Networks for Communication: From Geometric Percolation to Information Theory / Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, – 2007. – 236 p.

Giorgio S.B. Hard Real-Time Computing Systems: Predictable Scheduling Algorithms and Applications. – Springer, 2011. – 522 p.

Godha P., Jadon S., Patle A. et al. Flooding and Forwarding Based on Efficient Routing Protocol // Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. – Springer, 2021. – Vol. 1161. – P. 215–223.

Garg P., Kumar H., Johari R. et al. Enhanced Epidemic Routing Protocol in Delay Tolerant Networks // 2018, 5th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). – 2018. – P. 396–

Gross T.J., Abrão T., Jeszensky P.J.E. Distributed power control algorithm for multiple access systems based on Verhulst model // International Journal of Electronics and Communications. – 2011. – Vol. 65. – P. 361–372.

Haas Z.J., Halpern J.Y., Li L. Gossip-based ad hoc routing // IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. – 2006. – Vol. 14, No. 3. – P. 479–491.

Iversen V.B. Teletraffic Engineering / Study Group 2, Question 16/2. Handbook // ITU–D & ITC Revised ed. by Villy B. Iversen. – Geneva, January 2005. – 336 p.

Jung J.-Y., Seo D.-Y., Lee J.-R. Counter-Based Broadcast Scheme Considering Reachability, Network Density, and Energy Efficiency for Wireless Sensor Networks // Sensors. – 2018. – Vol. 18, No. 1. – Art. No. 120.

Kopetz H. Real-Time Systems: Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. – Springer, 2011. – 376 p.

Krivtsova I., Lebedev I., Sukhoparov M., Bazhayev N., Zikratov I. et al. Implementing a Broadcast Storm Attack on a Mission-Critical Wireless Sensor Network. // 14th Inter-national Conference on Wired / Wireless Internet Com-munication (WWIC), Thessaloniki, Greece, May 2016. – Cham: Springer, – 2016. – P. 297–308.

Lai W., Lin Y.C. Load-Balance Directed Diffusion in Wire-less Sensor Networks // IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. – 2005. – Vol. 4, No.3. – P. 1022–1029.

Leau, Y.-B., Manickam S. A Novel adaptive grey Verhulst model for network security situation prediction // Inter-national Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. – 2016. – Vol. 7, No 1. – P. 90–95.

Liang M., Zhang Z., Liu C., Chen L. Multihop-Delivery-Quality-Based Routing in DTNs // IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. – 2015. – Vol. 64, no. 3. – P. 1095–1104.

Lima J., Monotti R., Cardoso J.M.P. at al. A Methodology to design FPGA based PID controllers // IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. – Taipei: IEEE, 2006. – Vol. 3. – P. 2577–2583.

Lipman J., Hai Liu, Stojmenovic I. Broadcast in ad hoc networks. Guide to Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. – Springer London, 2009. – P. 121–150.

Liu, Z. et al. A Geographic Routing Protocol for Flying Ad-Hoc Network Based on Gauss-Markov Mobility Prediction // 2024 4th International Symposium on Computer Techno-logy and Information Science (ISCTIS). – IEEE, 2024. – P. 115–122.

Mackenzie L., Mohammed A., Ould-Khaoua M. An Efficient Counter-Based Broadcast Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks // International Conference on Mobile Light-weight Wireless Systems. – 2007. – Vol.4712. – P.195–204.

Naserian M., Tepe K.E., Tarique M. Routing Overhead Analysis for Reactive Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Net-working and Communications, – Montreal, Canada, 2005. – IEEE, 2005. – Vol. 3. – P. 119–126.

Nguyen V.L., Lin P.C., Hwang R.H. Energy depletion attacks in low power wireless networks // IEEE Access. – 2019. – Vol. 7. – P. 51915–51932

Ni S.-Y., Tseng Y.-C., Chen Y.-S., Sheu J.-P. The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network // Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’99). – ACM, New York, 1999. – P. 151–162.

Penrose, J. Random Geometric Graphs / Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003. – 320 p

Perkins C., Belding-Royer E., Das S. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing // RFC 3561. – 2003. – 37 p.

Proakis J., Salehi. M. Digital Communications. – 5th ed. – New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. – 1150 p.

Putze F., Sanders P., Singler J. Cache-, hash-, and space-efficient Bloom filters // ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics. – 2009. – Vol. 14. – P.4:1–4:22.

Ramesh B., Manjula D. An Adaptive Congestion Control Mechanism for Streaming Multimedia in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks // IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. – 2007. – Vol. 7, No. 6. – P. 290-295

Rosati S., Krużelecki K. et al. Dynamic routing for flying ad hoc networks // IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. – 2016. – Vol. 65, No. 3. – P. 1690–1700.

Small T., Haas Z.J. Resource and Performance Tradeoffs in Delay-Tolerant Wireless Networks // Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Delay-Tolerant Networking (WDTN-05). – New York : ACM Press, 2005. – P. 260–267.

Tan D., Kim D. Dynamic traffic-aware routing algorithm for multi-sink wireless sensor networks // Wireless Networks. – 2014. – Vol. 20. – P. 1239–1250.

Trinh M.L., Nguyen D.T., Dinh L.Q., Nguyen M.D., Setiadi D.R.I., Nguyen M.T. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Networking Algorithms: Communication, Control, and AI-Based Approaches // Algorithms. – 2025. – Vol. 18, No. 5. – Art. No. 244.

Vahdat A., Becker D. Epidemic routing for partially-connected ad hoc networks // Technical Report CS-2000-06, Duke University. – 2000. – Vol. 6. – 22 p.

Vera-Amaro R., Torres-Cruz N., Montiel-Cruz A.L., et al. Multi-Hop Heterogeneous UAV Swarm Networking for Post-Disaster Internet Access // 32nd International Conference on Telecommunications: proceedings, Thessaloniki, Greece, May 2026. – [S. l.] : IEEE, 2026. – P. 332–335.

Zhang, L. et al. Adaptive Cache Replacement Policies for Mobile and Delay‑Tolerant Networks // Ad Hoc Networks. – 2021. – Vol. 115. – Art. 102432.

Zhu L., Karim M.M., Sharif K. et al. Traffic Flow Optimization for UAVs in Multi-Layer Information-Centric Software-Defined FANet // IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. – 2023. – Vol. 72, No. 2. – P. 2453–2467.

GOST 34.11-2018. Informacionnaja tehnologija (IT). Kriptograficheskaja zashhita informacii. Funkcija hjeshirovanija (s popr. ot 15.03.2021) / Oficial'noe izdanie. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2018 – 20 s.

GOST R ISO/MJeK 29182-1-2018. Informacionnye tehnologii. Jetalonnaja arhitektura dlja sensornyh setej (SNRA). Chast' 1. Obshhij obzor i trebovanija. / Oficial'noe izdanie. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2018 – 10 s.

GOST R 59162-2020. Nacional'nyj standart Rossijskoj Federacii. Informacionnye tehnologii. Metody i sredstva obespechenija bezopasnosti. Bezopasnost' setej. Chast' 6. Obespechenie informacionnoj bezopasnosti pri ispol'zovanii besprovodnyh IP-setej. / Oficial'noe izdanie. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2020 – 26 s.

GOST R 59519-2021. Bespilotnye aviacionnye sistemy. Komponenty bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem. Specifikacija i obshhie tehnicheskie trebovanija. / Oficial'noe izdanie. – Moskva: Standartinform, 2021 – 6 s.

Upravlenie podvizhnymi ob"ektami. Bibliografich. ukazatel'. V 3 vypuskah. Vypusk 2. Ajerodinamicheskie ob"ekty / pod red. V.M. Glumova; Uchrezhdenie RAN Institut problem upravlenija im. V.A. Trapeznikova RAN. – Moskva: 2011. – 374s


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Abava  Кибербезопасность ИТ-КОНГРЕСС ВМК МГУ 2026 СНЭ

ISSN: 2307-8162